Nursing Research Article Critiques-Made Easy
Nursing Research Article Critiques-Made Easy
Physician assisted suicide and the Art of Care
Physician assisted suicide and The Art of Care
Abstract:
In an age of managed care, rationing of care, and technology management, which is The Art Of Care. We live in a society that has been given different options? self-determination? a? s fate in dying as we have been able to? decide? a? s fate in life itself. We have medicine and technology opportunities, and areas the country allows us to accelerate or defer a? are dying. The purpose of this position paper is to outline the legal, ethical, religious and philosophical ramifications involved in Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) and how these affect decisions impact those connected to this issue.
The professional the PAS are:
? People should have the right to die with dignity
? People should have the right to die with their senses intact
? People should be allowed to die without pain
? People should have the right to take responsibility for futile care
The disadvantages of PAS are:
? Slippery-slope effect, or acceptable and unacceptable euthanasia
? No policy is able to effectively manage the volume of the right to die
? True would be difficult to distinguish because of communication challenges
? Playing God
I simply provide an overview and not a detailed analysis of this issue. My intention is to surface issues of PAS and move toward a philosophy of care, can minimize people? s fear of death by using a type of care = The Art of Care. The Art of Care will help people get inner strength that can enable him or her to cope the external deficit happens to their bodies. By the end of this paper, I hope to outline practical ways people can help terminal patients cope with a dying body from one place inside them that remain steadfast? their soul.
Introduction:
It was Karl Barth who said that? It is up to God and God alone to put an end to human life? and that God gives life to us? as an inalienable loans.? (A) It is my belief that we are given meaning and hope in all life situations. This instinct to survive and find value in all our existence makes me confident that there is much to learn in all phases of our lives. Our ability to trust our Creator? S divine guidance and plan to make us more soul than the body by the end of life is as important as other aspects of living as well. We can do better to rely on more and control less. It appears that maturity teaches us all to let go and follow a path within us, not always make sense to us externally. As we do, we begin to follow insight. To look inside what can not be seen from the outside is our soul? s longing to be known and that the surface of our lives.
In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill cautions? A person should be free to do as he likes in his own concern, but should NOT be free to do as he likes to perform for one another, under the pretext that affairs of the other is his own affairs. (2) Autonomy is so important for us that science and religious communities strive to honor and respect it. For before autonomy is the ability for one to spot for him or her one? s needs, values and destiny. This is a movement in art care (science and religion) can work together to create a healing response at the level of the soul, when physical cure is no longer possible.
On the other side of this issue, it is clear that Oregon? S Death with dignity Act has had its impact on America. Some people want this service available, although not elected by a large number of people. Oregon? s Death with dignity Law has been used very sparingly and a slippery slope does not appear in the current tip.? In 2001, 21 Oregonian chose to end their lives by taking a lethal dose of medication prescribed by a doctor, which accounts for 0.33% of 6,365 Oregon deaths from similar diseases. Number of Oregonian chose physician-assisted suicide has remained relatively stable, ranging from sixteen in both 1998, the first year the law was in force, and 27 in both 1999 and 2000. There is clearly no landslide in its infancy.? (3)
It seems then that people still want to have a form of control in their dying and autonomy remains widespread in the whole issue with PAS. This strong need to establish one? s path in the face of suffering gives us hope, faith and love in a sense of self, not easily defined without losing the great trust into herself to be led by the same power that brought our life to something. This is where we come to art sure to help us when processing work no longer has any answers. Here we begin where we end, we rely on the very wisdom that created us.
Meanings Levels of Care, and approaches to Care:
There are three levels to distinguish the action euthanasia:
There are three levels to differentiate into action euthanasia:
1st One is a patient who is comatose or brain dead. In these cases the doctor asks for? Pulling the plug,? or remove the patient from mechanical life support. These cases are generally not disputed by the general public. It is an act of withdrawing or withholding necessary mechanisms used to maintain a life that can not fend for themselves. It is here that the recognition of one? s personality is gone and the shell of a body is all that back.
2nd Second act of euthanasia involves the use of morphine in hospitalized patients in the painful last stages of his or her life with diseases such as cancer and AIDS.
3rd The last category of euthanasia are patients in relatively good health and at the beginning of a terminal illness who wish to end their lives. Such Cases such as Alzheimer's? s and Cancer exclude patients want information about PAS. This is the most controversial of the three issues related to euthanasia (4).
Euthanasia originated from the Greek language meaning? good death.? It is intentional termination of a life of another person in a position to do so at the request of the person who wants to die. Here are a few terms that you must know, PAS, to define actions to take place.
Passive euthanasia is the hastening of a death by means of changing one form or another for support and let nature take its course. This may include: removal of life support equipment, stopping medical treatment or procedures to stop food and water consumption, leading to dehydration or starve to death, and rejection of CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation). The most common use of PAS is to give patients high doses of morphine to control pain. It is most likely that pain will suppress respiration and cause death earlier than it otherwise would have happened. This is also done on patients who have a persistive vegetative state or patients not able to regain consciousness due to brain damage.
is hastening a death by means of changing or other support and letting nature take its course. This can include: removing life sustaining equipment, stopping medical treatment or procedures to stop food and water leading to dehydration or starve to death, and rejection of CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation). The most common use of PAS is to give patients high doses of morphine to control pain. It is most likely that pain will suppress respiration and cause death earlier than it otherwise would have happened. This is also done on patients in a vegetative state persistive or patients not able to regain consciousness because of brain damage.
Active euthanasia is the intentional use of means to cause death of a person via a direct action. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan doctor made this known in 1998 with a patient who had ALS (Lou Gehrig? S Disease). His patient was afraid of long suffering involved in ALS and wanted to die a quick and painless death. Dr. Kevorkian injected controlled substances in this patient group and caused death. Kevorkian was charged with the first murder but the jury found him guilty of second degree murder in March 1999.
is the use of intentional means to cause the death of a person via a direct action. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan doctor made this known in 1998 with a patient who had ALS (Lou Gehrig? S Disease). His patient was afraid of long suffering involved in ALS and wanted to die a quick and painless death. Dr. Kevorkian injected controlled substances in this patient and caused death. Kevorkian was charged with first murder but the jury found him guilty of 2 degree murder in March 1999.
Physician Assisted Suicide is to provide information or resources to a dying patient with the intent to commit suicide.
Physician assisted suicide is to provide information or resources to a dying patient with the intent to commit suicide.
Involuntary Euthanasia is the culmination of a life without a clear patient requests it.
Involuntary Euthanasia is the culmination of a life without a clear patient requests it.
? There are many reasons why patients want to use PAS. Some are simply clinically depressed, which one? s disease has brought on or one? s emotional and mental examination of their illness has led to suffering in ways other than the body. Other living in chronic pain, lack of health care coverage or funds to get medicine. This later group would rather die early and do not incur medical expenses for those they leave behind. A serious illness or disease, such as: ASL, Huntington? s Disease, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, Alzheimer? s, etc. are just some of the diseases people would rather avoid losing their independence and finances over. In some ways, this gives people a sense of control over the process of their lives.? (5)
Philosophical methods:
When all is said and done, there are two philosophical approaches to suicide: Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225-1274 CE) condemned all suicide (whether assisted or not) because it goes against one? S natural desire to live, it hurts other people and life is a gift from God and is only taken by God. Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592 CE) claimed that suicide was a matter of personal choice and a human right. (6)
These two philosophies, problems persist in 2003. Suicide used to be a criminal act. Now it is no longer something that means so much weight. But assisted suicide is remains a criminal offense throughout North America, except in the state of Oregon. In Oregon, it is allowed under strictly controlled conditions.
As you can see, there is a theme consistent within both of these methods. Both reflect the need to engage themselves for personal direction. Although both seem to be the opposite end of the spectrum, each encouraging terminal people to find strength in one? s inner being and trust the guidance is consistent with the person? s personality.
Ethical and religious considerations:
Some terminally ill patients are in so much pain that they would rather end their life than to go on suffering and experiencing a poor quality of life. Due to physical and mental limitations, people in pain have a very different vision of life than people with good health. The changed perception makes some choose certain courses of treatment in a debilitating illness, he or she may not even consider in a healthy condition of being. Many healthcare providers argue that terminally ill people? s pain can be controlled to tolerable levels with good pain relief, but there are dozens by millions of patients who have no access to adequate pain management in the U.S. alone.
Many religious organizations believe that suffering can be used to cleanse us. This treatment may, for relatives and the patient. It is a time to learn and be aware of how the body becomes more soul in the process of Associated transformation with dying and death. Christians believe that life is a gift from God, and God does not send us any lessons we can not handle. Islam states in the Qur? a,? Take not life which Allah made sacred otherwise than in the course of justice.? And? Since we do not create ourselves, we are not even our bodies.? Orthodox Judaism states? This is an issue of critical constitutional and moral importance of Jewish tradition clearly speaks to. We believe that recognition of a constitutionally recognized right to die for terminally ill is a clear statement against recognition and sanctity of human life?.? (7)
It is clear that religious influence of PAS considers such action as going against one? s Creator, and as such, it is necessary to pray and differentiate toward one? s life and death should be in coordination of clerical status of one? s own faith. To put such influence would take an independent person whose faith has taken him or her from what may called religious, what can be known through them the same power that gave them life. It is here that terminal patients choose an approach from the central one? s is transcending his or her belief in the artist (religiously), leading to an active participation of one? s assessed values (personal transformations), which includes their religious influence, but are not limited to it as well.
U.S. Supreme Court decisions:
? The Supreme Court handed down its decision on New York and Washington cases, 26 June 1997. They found that the average American is no constitutional right to a physician assisted suicide. The vote was 9-0, an unusual unanimous decision. Thus, New York and Washington laws banning such suicides are constitutional states. On the other hand, the court implied that there is no constitutional bar that would prevent a state from passing a law allowing physician-assisted suicide. Oregon has done just that. So the battle must be fought on a state by state basis. Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote:? throughout the nation, Americans are engaged in a serious and profound debate about the morality, legality and practical physician-assisted suicide. Our holding permits this debate to continue as it should in a democratic society. (8)
This governmental act suggests a fundamental value in the U.S. that PAS challenges. Autonomy is such a personal choice and value great reputation in our country. Although there are cases which rights do not mean that certain choices right to choose, these cases remained on a case by case basis as well. Sometimes futile care just does not make sense. These cases are cared for with sensitivity and time issues medicine and technology can not cure.
Pain Relief Promotion Act:
Currently there are no approved drugs by the Food and Drug Administration for use of killing patients. Drugs are made to treating disease and not to end a life.
1996? July: Bill passes House subcommittee: A bill adopted by the Constitution Subcommittee of the judiciary committee in the House of Representatives called Pain Relief Promotion Act. It was aimed at preventing doctors help patients get their medical assistance in suicide.
1999? October: Bill passes House: It was adopted by a vote of 271-156. Lori Houge, spokesman for the national right to life movement was happy. She said,? Congress has just sent a very strong bipartisan message that the appropriate role for a doctor to help their patient, not push them off a bridge? Doctors should not kill their patients, they should help them.? (9)
With this in mind and the history of pain in patients who report degrees of suffering mentioned earlier in this paper, it seems that more work in giving money and resources in the study and application of palliative care methods is in order. We have come a long way in defining and discussing PAS, now moving towards the relief of pain can give many hope in their dying through scientific means. Religion attempts to do so is to find meaning in suffering. Science needs to step up to the plate and provide the knowledge and care in order to relieve suffering. In year 2003, we call spiritual care methods outside the church membership supplementary care. On this side of the issue in connection with disorders, science has to catch up to complementary medicine guidelines. It is thus clear that science and religion have their strengths and pull each other forward. Neither, since the larger of the two without losing what inspires people to look after them who most need it.
Survey of Physicians:
Dr. Diane Meier of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, NY gave a survey of 1,902 doctors inquiring about the use of PAS. The investigation is centered around the issues they deal with aging patients and dying patients. The following are areas patients usually request PAS:
? 6.4% of those who responded admitted to helping at least one patient commit suicide
? The real number is probably much higher because most doctors will not admit to helping someone commit suicide? this would be a criminal act.
Patients gave many reasons for wanting to die:
? 79% cited discomfort than pain
? 53% cited loss of dignity
? 52% cited fear of uncontrollable symptoms (10)
As you can see from this study, is there? Some? cases beyond the medical knowledge to care for people? s pain in an appropriate manner. This is not to suggest that PAS is the answer. It is an indicator of how much more study is needed in this area palliative care. Adequate care for the terminally ill is a priority we must find ways to, so we can arrange for one another at the end of life as we do at birth and through maturity.
Hospice Program: Suicide Policy:
? Hospice is a philosophy of care and a program for skilled pain and symptom management in order to reduce the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual pain. Hospice does not hasten or postpone death. In essence, non Hospice staff does not participate in actions that only supports a patient? s intention to commit suicide.
Procedure:
Procedure:
1st If a patient intending to commit suicide, staff shall have the following:
1st If a patient wishes to commit suicide, staff does:
A. Encourage patients to talk about what brought him / her to this decision;
B. Assessment of the patient to increased pain and suffering, depression, suicidal, competence, impaired thinking, confusion, dementia and manipulation by others.
C. Tell the patient that information should be shared with family, physician and hospice staff.
D. Confirm with pt / family, hospice does not help with suicide.
E. Notify the Nursing Coordinator and Hospice Coordinator
F. information to the multidisciplinary team and decide on a plan for care which may cause further exploration of this issue by a psychiatrist psychiatrist nurse or a psychologist. An increase in supportive care would be initiated as well.
G. Notify Doctor as necessary on the updates.
2nd When a patient asks for Hospice staff for help in committing suicide, we will do the following:
A. Reconfirmation with pt / family Hospice policy against assisted suicide.
B. Inform mentors, the interdisciplinary team, patient? s doctor, etc? the patient? s intentions and actual plans.
C. Continue to monitor and follow the plan of care and reassess it as changes develop.
Used with permission Emerson Hospital (11)
Closing Remarks:
? The Hippocratic oath, which prohibits the killing of doctors, began in ancient Greece at the time of Socrates. It is often seen as originating medical ethics, but that common impression was challenged in 1931 by Ludwig Edelstein, a historian of medicine. (12) On 26 March 1998, the first known legal, PAS happened in America. This case occurred in Oregon. A medical gave a woman with terminal breast cancer lethal medication legally prescribed. Many doctors did not like this new role as a doctor, but many people thought it was a good things.
There are no easy conclusions to be made on PAS. There are a large number of people who are for and who are against PAS. The debate was not intended by the government that a democratic society needs to decide for him or her in the direction of his or her life and death, thus sending the matter in each state to determine the direction of their citizens. One thing is clear, the U.S. continues to maintain autonomy and individual rights of Americans to determine the course of his or her life. And it seems that PAS will not be a problem, will be determined in the near future.
* My central argument of this paper is NOT to persuade you to be for or against PAS. Research shows that there are so many good reasons for it as against. It is for each of us to decide for ourselves in the direction of our lives. Anyone who has had children or watching children grow in autonomy is alive and well in us all. This guiding force inspires us to love, let go and embrace again life in all its transitions. As we mature, we realize that it is not the experience of our lives that gives us meaning and value: It is rather the expression of these experiences that give us life.
The terms of living is the flow of life moves through us and not from us allows us to know the true meaning of autonomy. One can say that our independence is our soul? S code. It may just be our authentic self drawing our attention within us to be heard. This vote is a message of hope in death, which gives them fits a dying patient to listen to his or her own authentic voice. Perhaps more attention given to what can be known through us (The Art of Care) and what we know (Science) will allow us to create a bridge between two fields of care, after a similar goal.
It is my hope the art care that is the spirit of any movement will inspire healing and will continue to be the guiding force in this matter. If we were to spend more time creating better care and respond the needs of suffering patients in a caring way, can I? t help but wonder whether physician-assisted suicide would be more of an option sparingly considered. In my work with hospice patients during the last 12 years I have noticed people who are free of pain go on and do their best days. Hospice is not defer or accelerate? are dying. We are a service that provides management of pain issues mentally, emotionally, physically and spiritually.
There is a saying in Hospice that we do not add days to one? S life, but we add more life to one? S days. There is much to learn in life and in our door. As the patient begins to die, a flood of memories fills their heart, mind and soul. This inner life or one? s soul awakens a strong force of nature. Here a dying patient becomes more soul than the body, giving way to a presence of consciousness within us all.
This awareness fills those who care a dying patient with a feeling of holiness. It helps all of us involved in caring for a dying patient to take what can not be touched with human hands. That brings us to an eternal consciousness inside each other who have been with us all. It is the soul? S longing to be famous, blessed, cared for and loved. PAS cut this process of living until the end. And dying patients have so much to share with us in this process of dying into eternal life.
In my work with dying patients, I have learned ART OF CARE. The art of health services is a willingness to bear the burden of another person until they die. This heartfelt connection with a fellow human allows us to realize that what is most sacred to us is often the most human. Over time, we finish deep into the creative order around us. It is not easy to let go. With care, love and support, a dying patient can avoid the known world and open up the mysterious world known as soul. It is a sacred place? not made with human hands. As such, through prayer, letting go and opening to the guidance from within, we find a spirit within us, leading us into the world through it and have the creative intelligence to drive us home. It is the center of creation itself and perhaps, in the heart of our Creator as well.
A Physician Assisted Suicide Option:
A physician-assisted suicide Option:
Having said the above conclusions, I want more my thoughts in what I mean by ART OF CARE in dealing with people who are considering PAS. The following thoughts considerations and concerns. My hope is to offer an alternative approach to people and expand the discussions beyond the care of the body and in the care of the soul. Because I've earned over 12 years now in palliative care, you hear a bias in this direction add element of soul care, or the art of caring. In the following short essay, I outline what I believe is a quality of care that speaks to the care of a clever way an awakening? S soul of the dying process.
We live in an age where PAS is a possibility, and thus what has entered our consciousness is the epitome of personal autonomy. We found another way to indulge ourselves in one another? Right.? In a society where such rights often supersede the responsibility? Avoidance of pain whether it be emotionally, mentally or physically? precedence over everything else. In our society has preferred to pleasure principle. But what we are as a result of our challenges, develop our character. We become better people. We feel better about ourselves. And we relate better to others when nature is honored.
I realize many people make choices in favor of PAS, and these choices reflect the character from their point of view. But the purpose of this transfer in this document is to clarify an alternative. Physical and emotional pain has a way to lead us to peace.
In pain we are born. In varying degrees of pain, leaving we have this world. When we are in pain, we look for external ways to get through it. When we predict no relief from pain apart from death, has a tendency we look inwards for instructions. For this reason, following spiritual concerns that I want to travel on PAS.
PAS avoid the natural process of life we call death. On behalf of compassion, PAS claims to promote mercy. It is an attempt to recreate a body? s state of equilibrium or peace. It is an attempt to ease pain of a body in great? dis-ease.? And it is in these times of discomfort, that we go beyond our mind and body for hope.
Midst of despair, we cry out for hope? a hope that will sustain us through our pain, guide us deeper into and through our suffering, remind us of our central focus, causing Holy? s care in the face of pain and keep us from pain to peace.
The problem is that people want immediate results in order to ease this pain. This is understandable. But I can? T help but think PAS has evolved out of an alternative to faith rather than being inspired by belief in a power greater than ourselves. If you think about it, our lives are in the hands of skilled physicians and nurses that suits us. Those health professionals who are gifted. They are gifted with a power greater than themselves. Some might call this genetic or DNA patterns given at birth, but as we age, we come to know that all things are beyond even the person with the greatest knowledge.
PAS addresses outcomes of care that relieve physical pain, but the effect of this care raises doubts and questions and a lack of spiritual decision. PAS undermine contemplation, nature, and faith in life's end. This is not to say that some cases may require scientific intervention such as terminal sedation to ease the burden of pain. I would just say that I am I am not convinced PAS offers much in the way of soul care at some point in life that are just as important as live. Often it is not until we lose our roles, express personalities and ability to act in our nature that the soul is revealed in our door. When body and mind? s expression bowls die, our loved ones die lead us to fit them in a gentle awareness beyond these outer expressions? their spirit. It is at this point that the souls meet create invisible bonds we never forget.
PAS spiritual reflection intersect at the end of life. PAS claims to provide comfort and care of body and mind. Yet we are more than one mind and one body. We are interconnected with a sacred universe. This dimension of our being deprived of PAS, and the sacred is not given the opportunity grow through one of its greatest challenges. We transformed through life? s challenges. Why have we not extend this to die? Death is a part of living and therefore I questioned the holistic nature of PAS.
PAS is not only a moral and legal debate. PAS keeps us from exploring life until we die. Often our spirit encourages us to continue its engagement in life, where nobody seems to hope to be found. This is where we find our greatest capacity to believe. Spirit has a natural process of to detect life. We evolve into this world, we develop through it, and we develop out of it. We each come from somewhere, and we are every time somewhere. Along the way, we participate in experiences and become a part of those experiences. Nothing really die on that level of consciousness as we become aware that we are more than one body.
PAS interrupt the natural flow. It is usually based on fear of pain and be a burden to others. Focus on this point is about prevention. Instead, we could integrate courage in adversity. Furthermore, we can even be losing at the end of life of any gift by our Creator.
We are not guaranteed a life without suffering, but we can be freed from our suffering. This hope can not be found in a pill. This hope goes much deeper. If we choose PAS, we cut off that hope revealed to us at birth. It is the eternal dance of spirit is reflected in the cycles of life. Here we are reminded that life must continue whatever the transformations in physical reality arises. In this deeper part of us, it is more crucial to be engaged in life than to withdraw. Otherwise nobody would have learned to crawl or walk just after birth. In spirit, exceeding our fear, and we are reborn to eternal dance of life is not defined by pain.
What I think of the last piece is the identification with our essence. Remember As a child the first time you rode a bike. You must first seen others do it. Then you imagine yourself doing it. Then you got on your bike and tried. At first, you fall down. But inside you say to yourself, if I try hard enough, maybe I can do it. You can ride for a moment and feel that you are riding a bike and fall again. And then you reach deep inside yourself to a place that no longer identifies with the body. You tell yourself that no matter what happening with my body, I get on this bike and ride it. It is like magic in this moment, because you get at this time and ride everywhere. There is something inside each of us who knows how to draw on this source of strength for abilities beyond our own abilities. It is this part of us who know how to be involved in the Art of Care as well.
PAS is a choice between control and surrender. PAS is a choice to stop what does not belong to us. It is a choice to consider personal needs than the collective conscious development of mankind. In the dying process, a person? S mind and body deteriorate, moving their attention inward. In a sense, is terminal patients make connections with their inner lives. This is the private part of us that we commune with daily. It is our communication with the subtle aspects of who we are. It is an important source the strength and courage. From this part of us, we draw forth memories of our past, anticipating the future and bring the destiny of our present consciousness.
It takes great courage, faith and hope to face every day. These are spiritual qualities describe the inner life of a soul. We must be committed to them and get the most out of any challenge. Behind these qualities are powers greater than ourselves. They contain no energy, restores a dying patient? body (although it always be held as an option). Nevertheless, courage, faith and hope are in possession of an energy that leads to a moment of insight.
Here we move from our perceptions and feelings about transition from a life experience to another, giving our entire body and mind of our Creator? S will. In this moment, a person is adorned with the feeling of being loved, which maintains a person? are dying. Their spirit will have an anchor, a basic and a focal point filled with vitality and confidence. The spirit directed by our Creator. It is an energy of spiritual maturity to prepare the soul for a journey that will never die. (This last paragraph is from an article I wrote through the Healing Ministry Journal, Vol.5, No.6, November / December 1998? adjustments to this article? June 2003).
Proposal for the Art of Care in alleviating suffering from incurable diseases Patient:
Draft Art of Care in alleviating suffering among terminally ill patient:
Many people are left alone when the news that he or she is dying? just show up.
Do not fear talking openly with someone about their dying.
Talk about God or one? S higher power.
Listen without trial for a dying patient tell their story.
Allow yourself to learn something from a dying patient.
Offer very little advice.
Remember, this is a patient? s death – not ours.
These very few suggestions are simple insight in The Art of Care and the path each of us will be doomed to travel throughout life and especially at the end. Once these proposals entail no one knows, but they have insights that engage us all in our greatest potential quirky care. When we listen attentively with an open heart loved our dying the same way, this union of common grief and shared joy may be just enough to get a dying loved one to live fully as they can until they die. This will not completely remove incredible pain for the dying patients, but at least their pain will be cared for at a level that only souls can embrace. And for me, this is the deeper level of suffering and care no one should be without. And when we live fully from birth to death, we can leave this world with a "full" or "full" perspective of the life we had at birth.
Web Sites and Books PAS:
? Euthanasia.com
? Deathwithdignity.org
? Compassionindying.org
? ? Bioethics in a liberal society? by Max Charlesworth (1993)
? Is life sacred? by Geoffrey Drutchas (1999)
? The Good Death: The new American search to reshape the end of life? by Marilyn Webb (1997)
? Last rights: The battle over right to die? by Sue Woodman (1998)
Notes:
Notes:
1st K. Barth, Church Dogmatics, Vol.III: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 4, ed. B> W.
1st K. Barth, Church Dogmatics, Vol.III: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 4, ed. B> W.
Bromily and TF Torrance, tr. AT Mackay et al. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1961), 404425
2nd JS Mill, On Liberty, ed. CV Shields (Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc. 1956), 127
3rd Daniel E. Lee? Physician-assisted suicide: A Conservative Critique of Intervention,?
Hastings Center Report 33, no. 1 (2003): 17-19
4th The right to die?. Http: / / www.geocities.com/HotSPrings/3872/euth.htm
5th Euthanasia and PAS ……. http://www.religioustolerance.org/euth1.htm
6th? Suicide, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,? http://utm.edu/research/iep/s/suicide.htm
7th religioustolerance.org
8th Religioustolerance.org
9th Jeff Johnson,? Pain relief promotion act passes the house? Family News in Focus at: family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0008306.htm1.
10th? Doctor-assisted suicide is not rare in U.S., study shows? Reuters News Agency, 1998-April-23.
11th Copyright: 1998 by The National Hospice and palliative care, Org SKU 714556, ISBN 0-931207-53-3
12th Ludwig Edelstein, Ancient Medicine: Collected Essays by Ludwig Edelstein, O.
Temkin and L. TEmkin, ed .., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1967.
Sam Oliver, author of "The Path into Healing"
About the Author
For more on this author; http://www.soulandspirit.org