Wiley Interscience Journal Article Pdf.htm
Wiley Interscience Journal Article Pdf.htm
The role of economic resources in Marital Adjustment of women
INTRODUCTION
Marital harmony is the global important social phenomenon that plays vital role in our lives. Successful marital relationship based on many factors but the economic resources deemed to be most crucial. Various studies have been conducted on this topic Behnke & Mcdermind, (2004) examined the economic factor in relation to family well-being such Voyandoff (1990) studied the economic distress and family relations. Ross & Mirowsky (1992) and Yadollahi (2009) examined the employment of spouses and sense of control in different types of stressors on marital life. Diener and Diener (2001) examined that wealth is related to many positive achievements in life. Jorgensen & Butler (2010) reported various ethical questions among couples with regard to their psychological conflicts other than economic.
Many researchers have concluded that the negative consequences of economic hardship on marital quality and stability (eg Voydanoff, 1990; Oggins, 2003, Miller et al. 2003). Gudmunson et al (2007) found that economic strain is directly related to increasing few disagreements. Kerkmann, Thomas, Jean, & Scot study (as mentioned in Pimentel 2009) reported that financial problems contributed significantly to lower reported marital satisfaction among married couples. Economic stress is directly linked to increased couple disagreements and has a direct impact on marital adjustment (Kinnunen and Feldt, 2004). All these results are likely to reflect the fact that financial issues are a frequent threshold value of conflict among couples led to frequent fights and a decline in marital harmony (Gudmunson et al., 2007). Study conducted by Brody et al (1994) have shown that family income was associated with greater marital happiness and lower marital conflict. Similarly, the study by Amato & Rogers (1997) showed that a low man's income and employment is a factor significantly associated with marital problems and low marital quality and increases the likelihood of marital disruption (South and Spitz, 1986). Head of research results, it is reasonable that a hypothesis that financial satisfaction and marital satisfaction is directly correlated (Miller's study as cited in Frisby, 2007). Recent study by Nunes (2008) also shows that marital satisfaction is mainly associated with economic factor.
In a recent Mori survey, 35 percent of women and 26 percent of men agree that the economic downturn had "reduced the quality of their marriage" (Government Equal Large Office, 2009). Another study supported the relationship between finances and marital satisfaction by identifying that 15% of marital satisfaction was predicted by economic factors (Kerkmann, Thomas, lown, & Allgood, 2000). Study by the Frisby (2007) also shows that family income affect the level of marital satisfaction.
Researchers attempted to define and identify causal relationships between economic stress and relationships between husband and wife and parent and child. James (2009) proposed a "family stress" model where economic pressures cause adults emotional distress that can interfere with both marital relationship and parents. Marshall and colleagues (1997), Zedlewski (2002); Behnke & Mcdermind (2004) found that low family income and limited benefits not only have bad effects on the mutual relations between couples, but it also has negative effects on child and family wellbeing. Jacobs & Silverberb (2002) found Maternal disclosure of financial concerns related to problems with young daughters' adjustment and such a transfer function as a mediator in the relationship between family financial hardship and young daughters' adjustment in a sample of 62 young girls and their recently divorced mothers.
The link between economic stress, individual mental state and relationship quality is the same for all couples. But for couples who were observed to have better problem solving skills in a task that has a high degree of marital conflict did not lead to such high marital dissatisfaction (James, 2009). Blekesaune (2008) used data from the British Household Panel Survey between 1991 and 2005 and found that low income increased risk of partnership dissolution. Similar study in Finland carried out of Kinnunen and Feldt (2004) concluded that man's unemployment is strongly associated with his marital adjustment. Financial stress is obviously not limited to times of recession, but is a continuous part of everyday life for some families. But in a recession, this is more common (James, 2009).
Conger (1990) suggested that the economic hardship and a decline in marital satisfaction is mediated through economic pressures that produce emotional distress and negative marital interaction patterns. Economic hardship prompted a sense of financial pressure. This pressure was related to emotional distress husbands and wives felt therefore gave rise to more negative and conflict in the marital relationship.
Grant & Barling (1992) have reported that economic factors are responsible increases domestic violence (Straus & Gelles, 1986; Obradovic & Odradovic, (2006).
Evidence has suggested that people with higher income felt happier more satisfied and adjusted their lives because a higher income can be used to obtain a better lifestyle through greater recreational opportunities and improved nutritional intake, fewer uncertainties, better access to health care and better living conditions through better housing and ability to move to places that are more affluent (Ayub and Iqbal, 2009). Social stress research has repeatedly demonstrated low income and income as an important social stressor (Elder, 1974). Much of the marital Studies conducted before 1980 identified financial problems as one of the primary causes of the couple's marital dissatisfaction and dissolution (Albrecht, 1979; Levings, 1976). But even about finances remains a potentially problematic for couples, but recent studies suggest that financial constraints may be less influential than previously believed (Anderson, 2000; Kitson & Sussman, 1982; Thurnher, Fennnn, Melichar, & Chiriboga, 1983; Amato & Rogers, 1997) following an increase in the perceived importance of economic difficulties as a predictor of marital dissolution (Kendal, 2003 cited in Dean, et al 2005). Money is one of the major causes of frustration in marriage and family relations there is a significant relationship between funding and happily married relationships. In a survey conducted by Consumer Credit Counseling Service of people who came to the organization for debt or budget counseling, 60 percent of the married respondents reported fighting about money with their spouses. (Washburn, Carolyn., & Christensen 2008).
Marriages stressed by economic uncertainty, were also more likely to be disturbed (South and Spitz, 1986). Dean (2005) investigated possible links between financial problems and divorce and marital conflict. Many studies have concluded that couples facing more financial obstacles and less time together are more likely to divorce (Poortman 2005; Cleek & Pearson, 1985). Sayer concludes that the transition to divorce is associated with economic stressors for most women (as cited in Craig & Behnke 2008).
Research Methodology
Research Design
The main focus of this study was to take effect of economic resources on marital adjustment. It's been a hypothesis that better economic resources lead to better marital life and resultantly improves quality of marital adjustment. In this study, financial resources and marital adjustment were used as independent and dependent variables respectively. Efficacy of economic resources on marital adjustment was studied by making comparison between married women from the nuclear family system and joint family, which also is an important source of conflict between spouses in Pakistan. The research design of this study was quantitative, where the cross sectional areas research design was employed to compare and examine data. This study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, two types of married women were categorized, a, working women and the other non-working women (ie, housewives). In the second phase was personal data collected through "bio-data form", ie monthly income, family system. In the third phase selected and data were collected through survey from Abbottabad city from a sample of 200 married women selected on a simple random technique. The first simple of 100 working women was prepared and was further divided into: in the nuclear family (n = 60) and living in joint family system (n = 40). The second sample of 100 non-working women were drawn which were evenly distributed in the nuclear family system and joint family system.
Research Instrument
In the present study 'sub ranges' Economic' and 'general pattern of adaptation' of Civil Status Adjustment Scale-Urdu (MAS-U) (Kazmi, 2002) was used for data collection. MAS-U is an attempt to create a framework from which marital adjustment can be estimated in Pakistani culture, as a researcher and practitioner. MAS-U was designed and intended to measure marital adjustment in Pakistani culture. All other marital scales are in English language and their cultural adaptation is quite troublesome phenomenon. MAS-D is a standardized instrument in Urdu language and thus is able to produce actual answers from the interviewees. MAS-U is a reliable instrument for to determine the degree of (a) Spouse interpersonal frustration and discontent that connect common in our culture, even rational reasons generated or not (2) Spouse ability to express their feelings about various topics (3) Spouses satisfaction within the available financial resources and their style is not verbal communication, (4) Spouses specific communication style of the routine marital life issues (5) Women's satisfaction in existing family systems approach to their family system prevalent in Pakistan. MAS-D consisted of 126 items that loaded on four factors. Participants marked their answers on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, Strongly disagree). The internal consistency MAS-U has been reported with a Cronbach's alpha of .82. Along with some evidence of construct validity was also determined. Whereas the 'economic' Cranach alpha is 0.9 and for 'general pattern of adaptation' is 0.82.
Procedures of investigation:
To gather data for this study 200 married women were selected who worked 100 married women and 100 were non-working married women. The Marital Adjustment Scale was administered personally by the researcher in face-to-face fashion. The purpose of study was explained to each participant that the research is that part of the thesis work and the information they provide will be kept confidential and will only use for research purposes. Respondents were asked to answer as fully agree, agree, uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree. In the present study, exploring the economic resources of working and not working women who were income taken into account. Husband's income was also used while measuring the economic status. For measuring the economic resources working women income of husband and wife both were used. While measuring the financial resources to non-working women only man's income was used.
Analysis and interpretation results
After data collection, the next step was the interpretation of data. First, a point awarded points 4:59 for the positive words and reverse scoring was used for the items which have a negative tone. Then statistical analysis was applied to data. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to data to assess the significance of results. Total marital adjustment scores of MAS-D ranged from 195 to 300 with an average of 247 (SD = 27.2) for working women and 211 to 348 with an average of 272.9 (SD = 30.24) for non-working women. The score of the economic resources ranged from 16 to 65 with a mean of 33.38 (SD = 11.4) for working women and 18 to 70 with average at 49.9 (SD = 12.75) for non-working women. Responses to questionnaire items were coded and input into the computer. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS.
Table 1
Number of items
M
Sd
Cronbach's Alpha
16
75.0
13.5
0.82
It relaiability statistics for the built-in self-Marital Adjustment Scale show Cronbach, s Alpha to be reliable at 0.82
Mean, Variance, standard deviation, and Cronbach's Alpha designed for communications in Marital Adjustment (n = 200)
Table 2 Mean, standard deviation and t-score for working and non-working women to economic resources.
Working Women n = 100
Non-working women n = 100
M
SD
M
SD
t
Economic Resources
33.38
11.45
49.9
12.75
9645
Table 2 shows t-test values and analysis of test data on 200 women and their economic resources. It expresses the difference between the financial resources to work and non-working women. This shows that there is a significant difference between the economic resources of working and non-working women (t = 9.645; df = 198, p = 0.001)
Table 3 Mean, standard deviation and t-score of working and non-working women in marital adjustment.
Working Women n = 100
Non-working women n = 100
M
SD
M
SD
t
Marital adjustment
247.0
27.2
272.9
30.24
6381
Table 3 shows t-test values and analysis of test data on 200 women and their marital adjustment. It indicates marital adjustment of working and non-working women. This shows that there is significant difference between the marital adjustment of working and non-working women (T = 6.381, df = 198, p = 0.001)
Table 4 significant difference between marital adjustment of women in low-medium and higher income.
Groups
N
Mean
SD
f
Total Sample
200
41.7
14.6
1036
Low Income
95
45.38
14
Medium Income
62
41.64
15
High Income
43
33.69
11.75
Table 4 shows one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the sample data of 200 women, their income divided into low, medium and all levels of income. It shows the significant difference between three groups (F = 10.36, df = 199, p <0.001).
Discussion
The present study aims to explore the relationship between marital adjustment and economic resources. It was a hypothesis that working women have better financial resources compared with inactive women. Moreover, the study also examined the difference between marital adjustment of working and not working women. The results support the hypothesis.
Results of a t-test indicates significant differences between the financial resources to work and non-working women (T = 9.645, df = 198, p <0.001). Mean scores of professional and non-working women are different as the mean scores of women at economic resources were M = 33.3 (SD = 11.4) and mean score of non-working mothers was M = 49.9 (SD = 12.7). Thus, working women have better financial resources to meet their needs. It reduces their life tensions and internal effects of marital happiness and satisfaction. It concludes that working women are more satisfied and martially adjusted for non-working women. Study also concludes that working women have better economic resources, because both male and the wife earns more money compared with inactive women. The study confirms the finding of Ayub & Iqbal (2009), which concluded that people with higher income felt happier, more satisfied and adjusted their lives, have a better lifestyle through greater leisure better nutritional intake, improved access to health care and better living conditions through better housing. This study showed significant relationship between funding and happily married relationships, similar to the study of Washburn, Carolyn., & Christensen (2008).
Work and non-working women reacted differently to the sub level of economic resources MAS-U. The high score on the scale showed the piece has some economic problems. In this research scores of working women in economic resources was low, indicating they have less economic problems and therefore more martially adjusted. Result of non-working women was high, which reveals the face of stress due to economic and thus enjoy less marital happiness. On the other hand do not marital adjustment of working women suggested that the economic hardship and decline in marital satisfaction is mediated through economic pressures that produce emotional distress and negative marital interaction patterns. Conger (1990) also supported the results. The economic pressure is related to emotional distress husbands and wives felt that in turn gave rise to more negative and conflict in the marital relationship. Current results equivalent to Grant & Barling's (1992) study that lower income in poorer marital functioning and increases violence in the family (Straus & Gelles, 1986). Bloom, Niles & Tatcher, 1985; Godwin, 1990; Israel, 1990; Nortarius & Markman study (1993) confirmed that financial question is closely related to family discord, marital problems.
Another hypothesis in this study that the "working women are more martially adjusted for non-working women "were proved. The non-working women achieved a high score on marital adjustment scale in comparison to working women. It shows that their alignment with their husbands are not good (t = 6.381, df = 198, p <0.001), Table 3 It reveals the essential difference between marital adjustment of working and non-working women. These two groups also differ in their average scores as mean score of working women was 247.0 (SD = 27.2) and the average score of non-working women was 272.9 (SD = 30.2). So because of better economic resources working women are martially adjusted and nonworking women are martially mal-adjusted. Error Adjustment of non-working women is because of low economic resources that are similar to Elder (1974), which concluded that the economic hard times higher rate of emergency need and results are also consistent Blekesaune's (2008) study. Current results coincide with Brody et al (1994), which proved that family income was associated with greater marital happiness and lower marital conflict.
One way of variance (ANOVA) was used on data to find-out the effects of economic resources. The entire sample was divided into three groups which were owned low, medium and higher socioeconomic status. Table 4 shows the result of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and shows the significant difference between the three groups (f = 10.30; df = 199, p <0.001). This shows that subjects belonging to low-income (M = 45.38, SD = 14.11) to face more economic problems in relation to other groups. Outcome also shows that the piece belonging to middle-income level (M = 41.64, SD = 15.10) and higher incomes (M = 33.69, SD = 11.75) has enough financial resources to meet their needs. The results of other researchers also confirmed that low income may cause distress in their lives as Marshal and colleagues (1997) and financial issues within the family or marriage is often reported as a presenting problem. (Daly, 2003; Isareisen & Hatch, 2005 cited in Jorgensen & Butler 2010), low household income has a negative impact on family welfare (Zedlewski, 2002).
Conclusion
The main hypothesis of this study was to investigate the effect of economic resources on marital adjustment. The present study has suggested that working conditions married women have better financial resources compared with inactive women. Despite their busy routine life they are more martially adjusted for non-working.
It concluded that the money / income creates problems in daily activities and it can effect one's marital adjustment, as is demonstrated in this research. Couples with better economic Resources martially adjusted for those with limited economic resources. Well-adjusted partners tend to be more supportive to each other and encounter fewer quarrels.
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About the Author
1. Dr. S. Farhana Kazmi (and Sidra Ijaz)
Dr. S. Farhana Kazmi (PhD) is Assistant Professor, in Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP. She completed her doctorate in 2002 from Hazara University. She has as earned a valuable experience in teaching and as Family Counsellor. She worked for the rehabilitation of the earthquake-affected individuals in Mansehra area. She remained tutor for B Ed. M. Ed classes in Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad and has supervised researches at post graduate & M Phil level. She was awarded Best University Teacher award by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, for the year 2006. She participated USA sponsored Study Program “The contemporary Challenges in Higher Education” in 2008 and attended lectures/seminars on the issues in various Universities of USA. Her areas of interest are Women Psychology, Special Education, Social Psychology, Guidance and Councelling and Religious extremism.